Showing posts with label japanese history. Show all posts
Showing posts with label japanese history. Show all posts

Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II Review

Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II
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Embracing Defeat is an authoritatively researched and beautifully written account of the U.S. occupation of Japan by a leading specialist on World War II, Japan and the U.S.-Japan relationship. This is a work that pulls no punches. Like no earlier study, it brings to the fore the ironies and contradictions of the era and casts fresh light on several of the great political issues of the era: the making of Japan's postwar constitution, U.S.-Japan relations, the reconstruction of economy and society, the role of Japan in the making of the U.S. order in Asia, and the role of MacArthur. It also offers the first cultural history of the occupation.It is particularly valuable in bringing out Japanese contributions to shaping occupation outcomes.Embracing Defeat is a pleasure to read.Dower takes the reader on a tour that reveals ambiguity, irony, fallibility, vitality, dynamism, messianic fervor, theatre of the absurd, the world turned upside down, fall and redemption, flotsam and jetsam on a sea of self-indugence, cynical opportunism, top-to-bottom corruption, delicacy and degeneration, despondency and dreams, tragedy and farce, boggling fatuity, and carnival, to mention a few of the polarities that run through this beautifully written and astute volume.

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War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War Review

War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War
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Overall, this book presents a side of the Second World War with which most Americans are unfamiliar and may find shocking. It does a valuable service in exposing many of the prejudices of the time and especially in showing how those prejudices were at least partly responsible for the string of debacles endured by U.S. and other allied forces in the war's opening stages. It also does a very good job of giving the reader a glimpse of the kind of thinking that was prevalent in Japanese society prior to and during the war. In this sense it is an extremely important work and is highly recommended to anyone with a serious interest in the Pacific Theater. However, having said that, I will also say that the author overplays his hand and puts far too much emphasis on the role of racism, portraying it as the primary cause of the war and of the evils that transpired during its execution. As a result, it has a tendency to explain away a good many complex issues that deserve a fuller treatment. It also falls prey to one of the great pitfalls of almost all modern analyses of relations between Japan and America, namely the idea that in order to be balanced one must give equal weight to both sides in any argument. As a result, one might come away from reading this book with the idea that Japan and the United States were essentially of equivalent culpability and that their respective leaders were of a moral kind. This is an absolutely absurd notion, and one that seems to have taken root in more and more of the academic work that is being published recently. Nowhere is Dower's judgment with regard to the impacts of racism more questionable than in his conclusion, where he tries to explain away contemporary (1980's) trade frictions as the result of race hatreds. This pathetic and obvious red herring does little more than to serve as an apologia for a Japanese elite that has been doing anything its it power to prevent its very real and well documented (see Karel Van Wolferen's "The Enigma of Japanese Power," Clyde Prestowitz's "Trading Places," and Pat Choate's "Agents of Influence" for more) outrages with regard to its bilateral trade relationship with the United States from coming to light. Nonetheless, as I wrote earlier, I do recommend it for anyone with an interest in the Pacific Theater of the Second World War, but with the caveats that it should under no circumstances be treated as a comprehensive work and that its aforementioned shortcomings be kept in mind as one reads it. When Dower sticks to the subject of his book, without engaging in too much reckless speculation, he suceeds admirably in creating a readable and sometimes shocking history, boldly exposing in a way that few other books have even attempted, the dark side of "The Good War."

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Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath Review

Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath
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As the grandson of a good man who died at Pearl Harbor on the U.S.S Utah, in his sleep, I have a special interest in this topic.
Firstly, did we know about the attack before it occurred? Secondly, how did our government deal with the uproar of the time that enraged our nation and drove us into the Pacific War with a blood-lust for vengeance. The shout of "Remember Pearl Harbor" was our Battle Cry and for good reason.
Thirdly, I have found this book to be very specific and detailed, with information I had not previously been able to acquire, I.E: Interviews with the Naval Intelligence Officer who actually translated the Japanese "Winds" code prior to the attack, and who was prohibited from testifying at the Official Congressional, Army and Navy Hearings that comprise the "official" record as we have been handed it.
This is a book that helps us all make our own minds up about who was responsible for the fact that we were caught sleeping, literally, when war was imminent and on the way to our Pacific outposts in early December of 1941. I give it 5 Eagle, Globe and Anchors for the Pearl Harbor History Buff in search of the "real" story that led us to War in the Pacific.
Ronald Hinton USMC/Retired

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The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-41;: From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor Review

The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-41;: From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor
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This is generally an excellent account of the japanese and Chinese Nationalist military operations in China from 1937 until Pearl Harbor. It far exceeds any other English language account of the Sino Japanses war for this period. The battle descriptions are usually detailed, suprisingly clear and far more interesting than those in the droll and convoluted Japanese monogrpaphs and Nationalist official histories that serve as the major sources. Dorn does well in reconciling conflicts and discrepancies between the sources.
Several decades old the book is rather dated. It is unfortunate Dorn did not write s sequel covering the war from 1942-1945, while updating this work with a new edition. The account becomes sketchy in those few areas, where I suspect Dorn lacked reliable primary source material, but for the most part his book is enlightening.

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The Panay Incident: Prelude to Pearl Harbor Review

The Panay Incident: Prelude to Pearl Harbor
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On 12 December 1937, USS PANAY, a small, under-armed gunboat, was sunk by Japanese planes. As the survivors of the PANAY rowed ashore in their lifeboats, they were shot at from Japanese ground troops. The incident was a footnote in the Japanese battle for Nanking. Nor was this the only attack against a neutral power during the aptly named Rape of Nanking.
Sadly, many have forgotten this event. The Panay Incident by Hamilton Darby Perry is an extremely well written popular history of the event. Based primarily on interviews of this event, it is, perhaps, the only book still available, if not still in print.
The only critique that I have of this excellent book is that it fails to footnote the interviews and other sources of information. As a popular history, lack of such academic details are probably not a true failing, but as the only book on the event it is disheartening to think how difficult it might be to reconstruct the research for a more rigorous study.
There are many things to learn from this event. First, the Japanese were greatly concerned about a "Remember the Maine" reaction. They engaged in a government sponsored (as opposed to government supported) letter writing campaign that showed great tact and skill in manipulating popular opinion in the United States. Second, the reaction of the American people to the event was amazing. Rather than the rage that would accompany Pearl Harbor, most Americans - about 75% in one Pew poll - questioned exactly what we were doing in China that was worth American lives and if it was possible to get businesses and missionaries out before they pulled the United States into a meaningless land war in Asia. Third, the level of technology in 1937 was far from what the U S, and even Japan for that matter, could bring to bear in 1945. Biplanes and radio communications that routinely failed for up to 36 hours were the norm.
This is an excellent book about an understudied event. Many historians have disregarded the Panay incident because it had no effect on either Japanese or American strategies or policies. However, if one looks at Japanese strategy starting with the Sino-Japanese War through 1945, this event is an important marker as the level of violence and the need to dominate the Asian mainland continued to grow.


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War in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay Review

War in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay
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I picked up this book while visiting Pearl Harbor. I have read many books on the Pacific War, and while this book may have lacked intricate details about events in the Pacific Theater of operation, one must remember that this is a SINGLE volume. In that capacity, in fills the niche quite nicely. If you are looking for a lavishly illustrated book on the Pacific War, from the very beginning to the very end, this is it!

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From the Aleutians to Australia, from the Himalayas to Pearl Harbor, there has never been a war like that between the Empire of Japan and the American allies.

War in the Pacific is the collective effort of ten military historians. All ground, sea, and air operations are integrated into the discussion of each campaign or battle. Included in the ground campaigns are the Japanese invasion of China, jungle warfare in New Guinea, the retaking of the Philippines, and the island campaigns of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Chapters on naval and air engagements at Pearl Harbor, Midway, and Leyte Gulf complement discussions of air supply routes over the Himalayas and the bombing of Japan.

Color maps clearly detail each campaign, showing the movement of forces throughout the entire engagement. Photos selected from the archives of six countries, along with more than one hundred color illustrations of weaponry, uniforms, and memorabilia, highlight the narrative.






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Day of Lightning, Years of Scorn: Walter C. Short and the Attack on Pearl Harbor Review

Day of Lightning, Years of Scorn: Walter C. Short and the Attack on Pearl Harbor
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Those interested in the events of 7 December 1941 will want to read this extremely well-written biography. Anderson clearly places Walter Short in the context of his times, and the Army of the early 20th century. In the first part of the book, Anderson shows Short as a dedicated professional soldier for almost forty years before the Pearl Harbor attack. The book describes the measures that Short took to improve the defenses of Hawaii as well as the many problems that he encountered as the United States struggled to prepare for war. Anderson carefully sifts through the records of the four major investigations of the Pearl Harbor disaster. Throughout, Anderson takes a sympathetic view of Short, but remains even-handed and balanced. In the end, Short comes across as a honorable man and competent soldier, who unfortunately made mistakes. This book will complement other books which often take a more clinical view of the tragedy. Also, the book will make readers wonder if any of their own decisions and actions would be able to stand up to the intense scrutiny that Short had to endure.

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Walter C. Short is remembered as the U.S. Army general who parked his airplanes wingtip-to-wingtip making them easy targets for Japanese pilots attacking Pearl Harbor. History's harsh indictment of his actions as commander of the Army's Hawaiian department is the result of a series of investigations that placed blame for the disaster on General Short and his Navy counterpart, Admiral Husband E. Kimmel. In this first biography of Short, the general emerges as an honorable man who made some fateful errors. This biography is published in cooperation with the Association of the United States Army.

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Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq Review

Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor / Hiroshima / 9-11 / Iraq
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If you like history and often find true events stranger than fiction, you'll find Cultures of War entertaining. Some readers will be alarmed because this book is highly critical of the Bush Administration's use of history to prepare the American people for the decision to go to war in Iraq. Author John W. Dower, Harvard PhD and winner of the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, strips out propaganda and presents a viewpoint of what happened and what almost happened in our recent military conflicts.
The book, Cultures of War, juxtaposes Pearl Harbor with 9-11 to amazing effect. Here we get the impression that nothing is new under the sun. We see political leaders playing the same set of cards, populations falling in line as hoped, empires growing and waning - and tragedy. Nothing changes because human nature doesn't change.
For example, the leaders of imperial Japan that launched a surprise attack against the U.S. at Pearl Harbor believed they would emerge at the head of the largest unified territory in the history of the world. They planned an East Asia Cooperative Body that would include much of the Middle East, Australia, India and some of the Soviet Union, with the Yamato race occupying the seat of authority. This type of grand thinking is compared to that of former Vice President Cheney. In an interview with BBC in November 2001, Cheney spoke of targeting "as many as 40 to 50" nations for a range of actions including military force for harboring enemy terrorist cells. In their times, this all seemed somewhat plausible.
Dower explains the tendency toward groupthink that nurses risky military policy. It takes awhile for aggressive new policy ideas to gain traction, but thanks to the influence of the media and the skilled use of propaganda/advertising, almost anything can be made to seem normal. He traces the doctrine of preemptive war to military policy guidelines authored by Paul Wolfowitz in 1992. These guidelines were derided when leaked to the media at the time. However, years later the same guidelines went mainstream in the Bush Doctrine. This was the ideological underpinning used to justify preemptive war even if the threat was not immediate; unilateral withdrawals from international treaties; a policy to spread democracy around the world in order to combat terrorism; and a willingness to use the military to accomplish foreign policy goals.
Cultures of War shows how setbacks and failure sow the seeds of renewal. The rise of Japan as an economic powerhouse after World War II is examined and then compared in some ways to the American response to the quagmire that the Iraq War had become. In 2007 when Americans had reached a tipping point of opinion about the war, General Petraeus was promoted to commanding general to lead all U.S. troops in Iraq. Petraeus announced, "The people are the prize." With this new counterinsurgency strategy - to win the support of the local populations in Iraq by becoming one with them, U.S. fortunes on the battlefield greatly improved in that theater of operations.
There is much more to say about Cultures of War including the use of racist propaganda by all sides, all war belligerents. The analysis on what makes an occupation successful or not alone justifies the price of this book for political and military leaders. I highly recommend Cultures of War.


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God's Samurai: Lead Pilot at Pearl Harbor (The Warriors) Review

God's Samurai: Lead Pilot at Pearl Harbor (The Warriors)
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A friend of mine introduced me to this book in April of this year. He told me it was unlike any book about the Pacific war that he had ever read. Although skeptical at first, I sill went ahead and purchased the book. I left it on my book-shelve for several months and forgot all about it. As I began packing up in July to move I noticed this book again, so I picked it up and began reading it. I found the style of writing extremely fluid, and the chapters were concise. This well balanced account of Mitsuo Fuchida life traces it from his days as an Imperial naval aviator to Christian evangelist. 'God's Samurai' is a truly inspirational book filled with numerous accounts of honor, bravery, loyalty, and sacrifice - all the codes of a Samurai warrior. I have enjoyed this book tremendously, and I have just begun reading, 'Midway: The Battle That Doomed Japan: The Japanese Navy's Story' by Mitsuo Fuchida, Roger Pineau (Editor),Masatake Okumiya(Contributor). Both 'God's Samurai' and 'Midway' are 'must-have' books for anyone who is truly interested in the Pacific war and naval battles!

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The Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions Review

The Attack on Pearl Harbor: Strategy, Combat, Myths, Deceptions
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I've never met Dr. Alan Zimm in person and have no personal relationship with him, but I know him by reputation as a very highly qualified operations analyst who has spent decades analyzing current-day U.S. Navy operations using the latest knowledge and techniques. Now he has directed his analytical talents and tools to one of the most discussed but little-analyzed major naval operations of history, the Pearl Harbor raid that came to its shocking climax on 7 December 1941. He has done so while being careful to explain his work in terms it will not take a background in naval analysis to understand or enjoy.
The chapters are: 1. Strategic and Operational Setting; 2. Targets, Weapons, and Weapon-Target Pairings; 3. Wargames (i.e., those the Japanese conducted prior to the attack); 4. Planning the Attack; 5. Pre-Attack: Training, Rehearsals, Briefings and Contingency Planning; 6. Execution of the Attack; 7. Assessment of the Attack; 8. Battle Damage Assessment; 9. What Might Have Been: Alerted Pearl Harbor Defenses; 10. Assessing the Folklore; 11. The Fifth Midget Submarine: A Cautionary Tale; 12. Reassessing the Participants; 13. Summary and Conclusions. Appendices provide a tabulation of the second-wave dive bomber attacks; abbreviations, acronyms, and Japanese terms; and ships in Pearl Harbor and Vicinity, as well as a counterfactual scenario for a "perfect attack."
As he emphasizes, Zimm is not an historian, but he provides necessary historical background and he handles it deftly and crisply. He is meticulous about providing source citations for those who want to follow up on any of his historical points. While Zimm's focus is on the Pearl Harbor raid, he goes far beyond that in assessing Japanese forces and thinking, providing a very factual and well-documented analysis of the navy's capabilities and limitations.
Zimm's thorough knowledge not only of naval operations today but historically shows very clearly in his explanation of points such as how and why the Japanese would have conducted their wargaming as they did, the structure and limitations of the planning on both sides, and the effects of material, personnel and environmental factors. As an operations analyst he has a great deal of experience in reconstructing a coherent and consistent picture of a complicated operation on the basis of individual fragmentary reports, and he applies that skill well here. Thus Zimm is able to clarify many things that historians without such a background have missed or misinterpreted, bringing the whole complex operation into clear focus in a way that no one ever has before. Following this, he moves on to analyses of a variety of theories that have been advanced, and of a broad range of "what ifs," efficiently disposing of many myths and outlining the range of possible outcomes of the operation.
Appropriate to an analysis, the book has 20 clear charts and diagrams executed by Matt Baughman. There are also many photos, most chosen to illustrate particular analytical points.
This is not the book for someone looking for the human drama of the Pearl Harbor attack, but like Brian McCue's U Boats in the Bay of Biscay: An Essay in Operations Analysis, it is a striking illustration of the power of operations analysis to vividly illuminate a complex historical event. It also serves as a fine introduction to how to analyze operations, whether to clarify history or to serve as material for improving current operations.
The book works very well as a Kindle e-publication.

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The December 7th, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor has been portrayed by historians as a dazzling success, "brilliantly conceived and meticulously planned."With most American historians concentrating on command errors and the story of participants' experiences, the Japanese attack operation has never been subjected to a comprehensive critical analysis of the military side of the operation.

This book presents a detailed evaluation of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on the operational and tactical level.It examines such questions as: Was the strategy underlying the attack sound? Were there flaws in planning or execution?How did Japanese military culture influence the planning? How risky was the attack?What did the Japanese expect to achieve, balanced against what they did achieve?Were there Japanese blunders?What were their consequences?What might have been the results if the attack had not benefited from the mistakes of the American commanders?

The book also addresses the body of folklore about the attack, supporting or challenging many contentious issues such as the skill level of the Japanese aircrew, whether midget submarines torpedoed Oklahoma and Arizona, as has been recently claimed, whether the Japanese ever really considered launching a third wave attack, and the consequences of a "3rd wave" attack against the Naval Shipyard and the fuel storage tanks if it had been executed.

In addition, the analysis has detected for the first time a body of deceptions that a prominent Japanese participant in the attack placed into the historical record, most likely to conceal his blunders and enhance his reputation.

The centerpiece of the book is an analysis using modern Operations Research methods and computer simulations, as well as combat models developed between 1922 and 1946 at the U.S. Naval War College.The analysis puts a new light on the strategy and tactics employed by Yamamoto to open the Pacific War, and a dramatically different appraisal of the effectiveness of the Attack on Pearl Harbor.

Dr. Alan D. Zimm is a member of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, where he heads a section in the Aviation Systems and Advanced Concepts Group.He is a former officer in the US Navy, completing his service as a Commander, and holds degrees in Physics, Operations Research, and Public Administration with a concentration on Policy Analysis and Strategic Planning.



REVIEWS

"...proves an engrossing study, particularly for those considering themselves well-read on the topic.... it is even more interesting for those with ample knowledge of events in World War II's Pacific Theater of Operations leading up to, on, and following December 7, 1941. For a variety of reasons, including the provocative nature of many of Zimm's fact-built arguments, this reviewer does not hesitate to recommend ..."Globe at War, 7/10/2011

"...very thorough ...as an analysis of the raid from the Japanese point of reference it is very intriguing and goes far to display the old axiom "every plan changes (or falls apart) once the enemy is encountered".IPMS,July 31, 2011

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